| Time period |
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| Shelter/Settlement |
- Villages:
- Some had earthen mounds
- Some were small spread out villages
- Some were larger villages of clustered houses
- Platform mounds
- Stockades
- Houses were rectangular
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- Large townhouses on mound summits
- Rectangular houses
- Villages were like Pisgah villages
- houses were clustered around a central plaza
- Stockades
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| Food |
- Corn agriculture
- Probably half their food came from fields of maize, beans, squash, and marsh elder.
- The rest came from wild foods:
- Deer and bear provided meat
- Nuts and berries
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- Hunting:
- Farming:
- Corn, beans, squash, pumpkin, and gourds
- Gathering:
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| Containers/Tools |
- Deer skins made into containers
- Bones made into tools
- We can assume they made pottery based on the statement in the Qualla section about Pisgah potters.
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- Pottery reflecting a change in style from Pisgah pottery
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| Culture (including burial practices |
- Graves were next to or in their homes
- Some graves had burial offerings
- It appears that the society may have had ranking -- some higher than others.
- There were shamans or religious leaders.
- Chiefs who inherited their power.
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- Community decisions made in large townhouses
- Burials were in house floors near hearths
- Grave offerings
- A few people were buried in front of townhouses -- most likely important people
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