26 Feb. 1925-15 Oct. 1996
Robert F. Williams was an American civil rights leader who served as the president of the Monroe, North Carolina chapter of the NAACP in the 1950s and early 1960s. Williams identified as a Black Nationalist and advocated for armed self-defense in the struggle for civil rights. Although this put him at odds with some of his contemporaries such as Martin Luther King, Jr., his stance allied him with other black activists who advocated for this method of active and at times violent resistance, including Ida B. Wells, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Robert Moton. He is also known for his publication Negroes with Guns (published in 1962). His actions, thinking, and writing on the subject of armed resistance were revolutionary and anticipated and contributed to the Black Power movement that grew in the late 1960s.
Williams was born in Monroe, North Carolina on February 26, 1925 to Emma Carter and John L. Williams. John Williams worked for the railroads. Growing up, his grandparents practiced armed self-defense and he received his first gun as a young boy. When Williams was about eleven years old, he witnessed the violent beating of a black woman on the street in Monroe by a policeman named Jesse Helms, Sr. Helms beat the woman and then dragged her bleeding body along the street to the jail. Helms, Sr. was the father of the future United States Senator, Jesse Helms, Jr.
Along with many other black Southerners who would migrate from the South in search of jobs and a better life, Williams moved north during World War II. He lived in Detroit for a time, witnessing the labor and racial unrest there. He was drafted into the war effort in 1944. In 1945, he was inducted into the U. S. Army before being honorably discharged on November 7, 1946. Franklin did not serve overseas. Following the war, he returned home to Monroe. There he married Mabel Ola Robinson, a civil rights activist and the couple had three children. In 1955, he joined the Monroe branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), becoming the branch's' president the following year. Aware of the increasing threat to activists and black citizens, he obtained a charter for a local chapter of the National Rifle Association (NRA). From there he formed the Black Guard, bringing black military veterans into the group. The guard received training and weapons from Williams to help protect and defend Monroe’s black population. Williams taught his wife Mabel to shoot, but in general black women were not taught how to shoot despite their insistence. During that time, the group had open armed conflict with the Ku Klux Klan. Williams, with the Monroe NAACP, also began publishing a Black political newsletter, The Crusader, in 1959.
During the fifties and sixties, Williams and other major civil rights advocates such as Bayard Rustin, Martin Luther King, Jr., and A.J. Muste, debated civil disobedience and armed self-defense. Williams claimed that while nonviolence was powerful, its triumph depended on the adversary. King saw the advantages of armed self-defense, but argued nonviolence demanded greater self-control and courage. In the late fifties, Williams’ position in the NAACP was suspended for his advocacy of violence. He also butted heads with King on issues of leadership tactics.
In May 1961, Williams sent King a telegram insisting King ride with the Freedom Riders and physically participate with fellow protesters. In August of the same year, the Freedom Riders passed through Monroe upon Williams's invitation: If you are a Freedom Fighter or Freedom Rider, Ride, Fly, or Walk to Monroe, the Angola of America, and help us in this noble undertaking for human dignity.
The Riders were determined to demonstrate the effectiveness of civil disobedience and challenge segregation laws. With hostile white observers gathering, the Riders called for the aid of the Black Guard. Riots, arson, and police brutality towards anti-segregation activists were common during this time. Two weeks into their protest in Monroe, a mob of white supremacists attacked the Riders and caused violence in the local neighborhood. During the fighting, a white married couple from Marshville, Charles Bruce Stegall and his wife, Mabel, drove into the chaos. The neighborhood watch called for Williams from his home to assess the situation. After confronting the Stegalls, Williams returned to his home, and the Stegalls followed him inside. The couple stayed at the Williams' home for about two hours. They were already back in Marshville when white police authorities misrepresented the event. Rumors of a hostage situation related to Charles Stegall circulated among police radios. Armed altercations between white antagonists and Black community watch related to the Freedom Riders resulted in dispatches of highway patrol, National Guard, and Ku Klux Klan gangs to Boyte Street, where the Williams' home was located. Local police charged Williams and others with false claims of kid-napping, despite accounts from the couple that claimed: At the time, I was not even thinking about being kidnapped. The papers, the publicity and all that stuff is what brought in that kidnapping mess.
Facing a kid-napping charge and possible violence, Williams and his family left Monroe and the country for exile, first traveling to Cuba seeking safety from the Klan. Williams did not stop his activism during his stay in Cuba. During that time, he created and narrated “Radio Free Dixie”, which aired in the U.S. and Canada. The show included jazz, blues, and commentary on the American government. He also wrote Negro with Guns and published a pamphlet, The Crusader. Five years later Williams traveled throughout Asia and Africa speaking out against racism, colonialism, and the Vietnam war. The Williams's returned to Michigan in 1969 where Robert Williams was immediately arrested and extradited to North Carolina to face the kid-napping charge. The case was finally tried in 1975, and Williams was acquitted when the State of North Carolina dropped the charges against him.
Following his return to the U.S., Williams did not take up leadership in the Black Power Movement, despite the movement’s promotion of armed self-defense. He passed away in Michigan on October 15, 1996 from lymphoma. Mabel Williams passed away on April 19, 2014.
Read an excerpt of an interview "Standing Up to the Klan," with Mabel Williams, in NCpedia, from Listening to History, by historian David Cecelski.
A transcript and recording of a longer interview with Mabel Williams by David Cecelski is also available at the Southern Oral History Program at UNC-Chapel Hill.